Longjing Tea: The Quintessential Chinese Green Tea

Introduction

Longjing tea, also known as Dragon Well tea (龙井茶), is one of the most celebrated and revered green teas in China and across the world. Renowned for its delicate flavor, unique aroma, and rich cultural heritage, Longjing has become synonymous with Chinese tea excellence. This article offers an extensive exploration of Longjing tea—its history, cultivation, processing, types, brewing methods, health benefits, cultural significance, and much more.

Whether you are a seasoned tea connoisseur or a curious newcomer, this guide will deepen your understanding and appreciation of one of China’s most treasured teas.

1. Historical Background of Longjing Tea

Longjing tea originates from Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, in eastern China. The tea’s history stretches back over 1,200 years, with records dating to the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). However, Longjing’s reputation as a premium tea flourished during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912 AD), especially under Emperor Qianlong, who personally favored it.

The Legend of Dragon Well

The name "Dragon Well" refers to a legendary well in Hangzhou, believed to be protected by a dragon. According to folklore, this well produced pure, sweet water, ideal for tea making. The tea grown near this well was said to possess magical qualities, leading to the tea adopting the name Longjing (Dragon Well).

Imperial Recognition

Emperor Qianlong famously visited the Longjing tea fields in 1757. After tasting the tea, he was so impressed that he bestowed the title of “Imperial Tea” (御茶) upon it, elevating its status permanently in Chinese tea culture.

2. Geography and Terroir

Longjing tea grows predominantly in the West Lake area of Hangzhou, which offers ideal growing conditions:

• Climate: Mild, with four distinct seasons and abundant rainfall.

• Soil: Fertile, rich in organic matter, slightly acidic, and well-drained.

• Altitude: Typically 100 to 300 meters above sea level.

• Microclimate: The misty environment around West Lake creates humidity that protects the delicate tea leaves and enhances their flavor.

The specific terroir plays a crucial role in the unique characteristics of authentic Longjing tea.

3. Cultivation and Harvesting

Longjing tea is harvested by hand, usually during early spring from late March to early May, when the buds and first two leaves are tender and full of flavor. There are several harvest periods:

• Pre-Qingming Harvest (before April 5): The earliest and most prized, known as “Mingqian” tea.

• Post-Qingming Harvest: Slightly later and generally considered lower grade but still of high quality.

• Summer and Autumn Harvests: These produce tea with less delicate flavors and are less sought after.

Farmers carefully pluck the young shoots, avoiding damaged or old leaves, to ensure the highest quality.

4. The Art of Longjing Tea Processing

Longjing tea processing is intricate, requiring skill and precision to preserve its delicate aroma and flavor.

Step 1: Withering

Freshly picked leaves are spread thinly to wither slightly, reducing moisture and preparing them for shaping.

Step 2: Pan-Frying (Sha Qing)

This is the defining step. Skilled tea workers roast the leaves in large woks over medium heat, carefully pressing and tossing the leaves. This process:

• Stops oxidation (preserving green color and freshness).

• Develops the unique chestnut aroma.

• Shapes the leaves into their characteristic flat, sword-like appearance.

The pan-frying must be done swiftly and carefully to avoid burning or under-processing.

Step 3: Shaping and Drying

After pan-frying, leaves are shaped further, sometimes pressed flat with hands or spatulas, then dried to lock in flavor and prevent spoilage.

5. Characteristics of Longjing Tea

Appearance

The dry leaves are flat, smooth, and glossy, with a yellow-green hue. This flat shape distinguishes Longjing from other green teas.

Aroma

Longjing tea boasts a fresh, delicate aroma often described as chestnut-like, sweet, and slightly floral.

Flavor Profile

When brewed, the tea produces a clear, pale green to yellow liquor with a sweet, mellow taste and a subtle lingering aftertaste. The flavor is smooth, without bitterness or astringency.

Liquor Color

The brewed tea is bright and clear, often a light yellow or green shade.

6. Types and Grades of Longjing Tea

Longjing tea is divided into different grades based on harvest time, leaf quality, and production region.

Grade by Harvest Time

• Mingqian Longjing: Harvested before Qingming, the highest grade, prized for its tenderness and freshness.

• Guyu Longjing: Harvested around the Grain Rain solar term (~April 20).

• Summer and Autumn Longjing: Later harvests with more mature leaves and less refined flavors.

Regional Sub-Types

• West Lake Longjing: The most famous and authentic, coming from the scenic West Lake area.

• Meijiawu Longjing: Grown in Meijiawu village near West Lake, known for superior quality.

• Xihu Longjing: Another name emphasizing the tea's West Lake origin.

• Other Zhejiang Longjing: Produced in surrounding regions but generally considered lower grade.

Quality Grades

Within each harvest and region, tea is further graded by leaf size, tenderness, and uniformity—often classified as Special Grade, First Grade, Second Grade, and so on.

7. How to Brew Longjing Tea

To fully appreciate Longjing’s delicate qualities, brewing technique is essential.

Equipment

• Teapot: Glass, porcelain, or gaiwan.

• Water: Pure, filtered spring water is preferred.

• Water temperature: Ideal is around 75–80°C (167–176°F), lower than boiling to avoid burning leaves.

Brewing Steps

1. Warm the teaware: Rinse the teapot or cup with hot water.

2. Add tea leaves: Use about 3 grams of tea per 150 ml of water.

3. Pour water: Gently pour heated water over leaves.

4. Steep time: Approximately 1–2 minutes for the first infusion.

5. Multiple infusions: Longjing can be re-steeped 2–3 times, increasing steeping time by 30 seconds each infusion.

Serving

Pour the tea into small cups and savor the aroma and flavor. The lightness and sweetness of Longjing are best appreciated in small sips.

8. Health Benefits of Longjing Tea

Longjing tea, like other green teas, contains numerous bioactive compounds beneficial to health.

Key Benefits

• Rich in antioxidants: High levels of catechins and polyphenols help fight oxidative stress.

• Heart health: Studies suggest green tea may reduce cholesterol and improve cardiovascular function.

• Weight management: Green tea components may boost metabolism and fat oxidation.

• Mental alertness: Contains caffeine and L-theanine, promoting focus without jitters.

• Anti-inflammatory: May reduce inflammation and support immune function.

• Detoxification: Promotes digestion and liver health.

These benefits are enhanced when drinking high-quality, properly brewed Longjing tea.

9. Cultural Significance of Longjing Tea

Longjing tea is more than a beverage; it is a cultural icon.

• Symbol of Zhejiang: The tea represents Hangzhou’s rich cultural heritage.

• Tea ceremonies: Often featured in traditional Chinese tea ceremonies.

• Gifts and hospitality: A prized gift in Chinese society symbolizing respect and goodwill.

• Literature and art: Frequently mentioned in Chinese poetry and paintings.

Its historical association with emperors and scholars enhances its status as the "national drink."

10. How to Identify Authentic Longjing Tea

Due to Longjing’s popularity, many imitations exist. To identify genuine Longjing:

• Origin: Authentic Longjing comes from Zhejiang Province, particularly West Lake.

• Appearance: Flat, smooth, sword-shaped leaves with a jade-green color.

• Aroma: Natural chestnut aroma, not artificial or overly floral.

• Taste: Sweet, mellow, without bitterness.

• Price: High-quality Longjing commands premium prices; suspiciously cheap tea may be fake.

• Packaging: Genuine Longjing often comes in traditional tins or boxes with clear provenance.

Buying from reputable sellers and tasting samples helps verify authenticity.

11. Storing Longjing Tea Properly

To preserve freshness and aroma, store Longjing tea correctly:

• Keep away from moisture: Use airtight containers.

• Avoid heat and light: Store in a cool, dark place.

• Avoid strong odors: Tea easily absorbs external smells.

• Consume quickly: Best within 6 months to 1 year for maximum freshness.

Proper storage ensures that you enjoy the tea’s full character.

12. Common Myths and Misconceptions

• Myth: All green teas are bitter.
  Longjing is known for its smooth, sweet flavor with minimal bitterness.

• Myth: Boiling water is best for all teas.
  Longjing requires lower water temperatures to avoid scorching leaves.

• Myth: Longjing tea is only from West Lake.
  While West Lake is famous, teas labeled Longjing from other areas exist but vary in quality.

13. Pairing Longjing Tea with Food

Longjing’s subtle flavor pairs well with:

• Light snacks such as nuts, fruits, and pastries.

• Mild-flavored dishes like steamed fish or tofu.

• Delicate desserts, including green tea cakes or rice-based sweets.

Avoid overpowering flavors like spicy or heavily seasoned foods to preserve the tea’s elegance.

14. Conclusion

Longjing tea, with its centuries-old legacy, refined flavor, and cultural importance, remains one of China’s most iconic teas. Its delicate aroma, smooth taste, and rich health benefits continue to captivate tea lovers worldwide.

Mastering the art of brewing and appreciating Longjing tea connects one to China’s rich heritage and the timeless joy of tea. Whether you enjoy it in a quiet moment alone or as part of a social ceremony, Longjing tea offers a profound sensory and cultural experience worth savoring.